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About this paper

Anjali Kantharuban, Jonas Mueller

CUE turns a human interaction into instructions and examples that condition a simulator language model, using either an observed conversation or a sampled session representation; the simulator need not be fine-tuned. With Gemini 3.5 Flash Lite on τ²-Bench, CUE lowers success-rate error from 0.21 to 0.12 and raises replay failure-mode macro-F1 from 0.14 to 0.22 versus None, but results vary across settings.

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