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About this paper

Hanyu Yang

The authors reanalyze vocabulary scaling laws, replacing a tokenizer-dependent per-token score with bits per character (BPC). In an equal-performance construction, the original score’s preferred vocabulary shifts from 4K to 24K as loss falls from 2.0 to 0.85 BPC. BPC changes fitted prescriptions, but held-out tests show 8.1%–40.1% median regret at 1.13B parameters in one sweep.

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