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About this paper

Brandon Jaipersaud, Elliot Creager

The authors introduce a framework for measuring how models resolve goal–harm conflicts. It separates harmful resolution, refusal, and non-resolution, and tests whether answer-token preferences carry through to tool actions. For Qwen2.5-32B-Instruct, an additive model explains 55.8% of held-out margin variation; in a constrained test, harmful tokens preceded harmful actions 98% of the time. Findings are limited to these protocols.

Summary by alphaXiv.

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